Haitian Creole, or Krey貌l Ayisyen, has always been maligned and disrespected by French language purists, who saw the language in Haiti as a bastardized, non-standardized version of French. But many Haitian krey貌l speakers, whose ancestors created the language along with the world鈥檚 first Black republic, believe otherwise.
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Just turn the speakers up in Haiti, and you'll hear lyrics like these: "I tell you everything in my heart, because I love you. My gut says you鈥檙e the one I want." (Mwen di w tout sa k nan k猫 m paske se ou m renmen. Zantray mwen di m se ou mwen vle )
Romantic, right? These song lyrics by Haitian singer Daan Junior illustrates the romantic, joyful and soft side of krey貌l. The language also embodies strength and liberation 鈥� like the Haitian people's spirit of resilience in the face of and social stigma.
Haitian comedian SeJoe said on his Amazon Prime 鈥淵ou can speak any language you want, but don鈥檛 leave Haitian Krey貌l behind.鈥� (Ou ka pale nenp貌t lang ou vle. Plis lang ou pale, plis li bon pou ou. Men, krey貌l la, pa mete l d猫y猫.)
Don't leave it behind, because krey貌l is a language with a revolutionary past. Now, Florida International University linguists have partnered with the language learning app Duolingo to offer a new for English speakers 鈥� it鈥檚 an opportunity to explore how krey貌l can sound and feel: sweet and romantic, but also even rebellious.
The course was inspired by Haitians in the diaspora, especially in the U.S., who are often disconnected from their heritage language 鈥攖heir families' mother tongue 鈥� because of immigration and the pressures of assimilation into the dominant culture. Many of their children, for decades, have had inconsistent exposure to the language in personal, school or professional settings. But the Haitian diaspora is increasing their influence online, with people connecting through their culture, food and politics. And, as a result, there's a newfound interest in Haitian krey貌l for language learners.
鈥淭his is the language that allowed enslaved people to unite and create a nation and stake a claim right after the French Revolution, right after the U.S. revolution, and say all folks have a right to human dignity,鈥� said Nyya Flores Toussaint, a Haitian-American linguistics scholar who studied at Florida International University as an undergrad.
Toussaint worked alongside an FIU professor to create a Haitian Creole curriculum. He then partnered with Duolingo to produce a new course in the language for English speakers. Toussaint says the new course was inspired by Haitians in the diaspora who are searching for ways to reconnect with their culture, with the language of their families, and with their ancestors.
鈥淟anguage not only tells the present story of what we鈥檙e saying, but by the words we choose and by the grammar that we have made, it tells a much larger story of who we are," Toussaint said.
For many second- or third-generation Americans, the children and grandchildren of immigrants, that larger story of who we are can get lost. And the connection to the , and ability to speak it fluently, is often the first to go. That's true for any immigrant, no matter what language they speak.
鈥淚 didn鈥檛 have that background because I was born in New Jersey to a Haitian mother and grandmother that had been in New Jersey since 1976,鈥� said Toussaint. 鈥淎nd so though people in my house spoke krey貌l, krey貌l wasn't taught to us. And so when I got to FIU, I took those few classes. We found Duolingo to be a good, accessible source for us to be able to allow those Haitian Americans to learn their mother tongue.鈥�
Toussaint says the Duolingo course allows English speakers to connect with Haitian values, culture, spirituality, history and language. It includes more than 100 lessons on how to use Haitian krey貌l vocabulary and abbreviations, differences in grammar and conjugation and the throat and nasal sounds you make when pronouncing words in Haitian Creole.
Like love: 鈥渞enmen.鈥� Or rice: 鈥渄iri.鈥�
鈥淪o you won't have to conjugate, which is something that's really hard for me in Spanish, having to conjugate verbs,鈥� said Toussaint. 鈥淵ou will not have to do that no matter who you're talking about. It's always the same verb.鈥�
Cindy Blanco is a Senior Learning Scientist at Duolingo. She researches how learners learn on the app. One way to make lessons engaging is to make them like a game.
鈥淚t doesn't have to be the case that language learning is kind of sitting alone in a corner, memorizing verb tables,鈥� said Blanco. 鈥淵ou'll see in the course lots of these gamification features where you do things [that] gradually get harder, you earn more points, you advance down the course doing more and more advanced content and different vocabulary topics. You know, language learning should be fun.鈥�
Linguists at FIU brought the Haitian Creole expertise, and Duolingo brought the software. Through their partnership, they've created a journey into Haitian culture, customs and sounds. Ginette Derelus is a cook at Manjay Restaurant at The Citadel near Little Haiti, Miami. Duolingo partnered with local Haitian restaurants to promote the new language course, and advertisements at local bus stops urged people to practice their Haitian Creole at those restaurants.
Derelus says Haitian culture also exists in unexpected places.
鈥淢y background is Haitian-Bahamian. I was born in the Bahamas. Both of my parents is Haitian,鈥� she said. 鈥淢ostly everybody is like, 鈥極h yeah, um, how you speak like that?' I鈥檓 like. 'I'm a Bahamian.鈥� They're like, 鈥極h, I didn't know there are Haitians in the Bahamas.鈥� Yes, we do.鈥�
At Manjay, I asked Derelus for extra banan peze and pikliz, their fried plantains and a spicy, fermented coleslaw. We spoke English and Haitian Creole. And I noticed that her accent, when she spoke English, sounds a bit different than the accent Haitian immigrants in the U.S. typically have.
鈥淚'm married to a Haitian. I have three kids and they are Haitian-Bahamian,鈥� said Derelus. 鈥淢y dad unfortunately passed away, but that's what I am trying to teach my kids right now, the background of being unique and appreciating your culture.鈥�
The Haitian diaspora expands far beyond the U.S. The spoken in the Bahamas, for example, are English, Bahamian Creole and Haitian Creole. A language is often derived from a combination of different languages鈥� like French, English, Spanish or Portuguese.
Derelus, whose parents were born in Haiti, said she had to make a strong effort to maintain her cultural and linguistic identity while assimilating into English-speaking countries. She said her father would 鈥渕ake sure she learned krey貌l,鈥� but would also make her use English so that she didn't fall behind.
Nick 鈥淭iko鈥� Andre is professor of Haitian Creole (or krey貌l) at Florida International University. His former student, Nyya Tousaint, was the one who helped develop the curriculum for the Duolingo course. Professor Andre says Haitian krey貌l has its own distinctive grammar system with no gender attached to its pronouns.
Since krey貌l is by French and West African Benin, Andre says it may take time for English speakers to get used to Haitian krey貌l nasal sounds and word order. For example, 鈥渕y book鈥� would be 鈥渂ook my鈥� (liv mwen) in Haitian krey貌l. The possessive pronoun in krey貌l would go after the noun, not before it.
Haitian krey貌l and French are the official languages of Haiti. Haitian Creole became an in Haiti鈥檚 constitution of 1987. But Andre says the language has always been a 鈥渘ational language of the people," despite the class differences with French speakers, who were thought to be more educated than Haitian krey貌l speakers. Andre says the people used krey貌l to communicate 鈥渟ince the foundation of Haiti as a nation鈥� in 1804, after a 13-year resistance against slavery.
鈥淲e have this language that we use because, you know, 鈥榯out Ayisen pale kreyol,'鈥� Andre said.
鈥淭out Ayisyen pale krey貌l.鈥� Every Haitian speaks krey貌l. His sentiment reminds me of the phrase 鈥淜rey貌l Pale, Krey貌l Konprann,鈥� or Creole spoken is Creole understood. That鈥檚 a popular expression that highlights a cultural bond among Haitian people. You can feel the bond through Haiti's music genres, such as konpa, rara, rap krey貌l, and twoubadou.
Haitian krey貌l is one of several Black and indigenous languages Duolingo is working to make available. Toussaint says as the language gains popularity, it鈥檚 important to never forget its revolutionary roots.
鈥淧eople have bravely spoken this language under the faith that these listeners would intentionally seek to understand them and that they together could preserve a language that was being created in such a heavy context. A very heavy context,鈥� said Toussaint.
"And that language not only could be preserved, but that it could unite them to make a claim in the world that Black folks, that all folks, deserve human rights and human dignity," he said.
