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Since the start of President Donald Trump鈥檚 second term, U.S. immigration officials have deputized a record number of local police to function as deportation agents, despite repeated warnings from government watchdogs since 2018 that the program does not adequately train and oversee officers.
This expansion of the 287(g) Program is being driven by the administration鈥檚 resurrection of a previously abandoned task force model empowering local officers to question individuals鈥� immigration status during traffic stops and other routine policing. At least 315 departments have signed on to the more aggressive approach, which Immigration and Customs Enforcement abandoned in 2012 amid racial profiling problems and lawsuits.
Overall, ICE initiated 514 new agreements with local law enforcement agencies across 40 states since January. Among the new partners are highway patrol troopers in Tennessee and officers with about 20 Florida agencies, who in recent weeks assisted ICE with the arrest of more than 1,300 people.
鈥淚t has been wonderful to see people jump in and be a part of it to make sure that we have not just the authorities that we need to go out there and to work, but also to have the local knowledge and the people in the community that really want to be a part of the solution,鈥� Department of Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem said in a statement.
ICE officials tout the expansion of the 287(g) Program 鈥� named for the section of law that allows the delegation of limited powers to local officers 鈥� as a 鈥渇orce multiplier鈥� to accelerate deportations and counter sanctuary policies that limit local cooperation with immigration agents.
But civil liberties experts and immigrant advocates warn such agreements come at a high cost to communities. Bringing on local partners at such a fast pace compounds the concerns, voiced by ICE鈥檚 , that the agency is unable to adequately train and supervise local officers to execute often complex immigration laws. Advocates say police are more likely to engage in racial profiling under these agreements, damaging community trust in local law enforcement.
鈥淟ocal law enforcement in these jurisdictions have more authority to enforce immigration laws, but they don鈥檛 necessarily know just by looking at someone walking down the street or pulling someone over whether they鈥檙e an immigrant or not,鈥� said Austin Kocher, a professor at Syracuse University who has tracked the 287(g) Program for 15 years. 鈥淭here are a lot of people in this country who are going to be affected by this expanded police power, maybe even who aren鈥檛 immigrants, but who might get caught up in the system just because police think they鈥檙e an immigrant or because they鈥檙e conducting enforcement operations in places that affect U.S. citizens.鈥�
As of June 6, local and state police departments had signed 649 agreements to participate in the program, compared to the 135 agreements that were in place in January, according to ICE. An additional 79 applications were pending. A local police or sheriff鈥檚 department may have multiple agreements with ICE.
Over several days last month, the Tennessee Highway Patrol sent a surge of cruisers along the streets of south Nashville, pulling over drivers as ICE agents in unmarked vehicles with flashing lights waited next to them. They quickly drew the attention of passersby and activists who recorded video of the arrests.
Local leaders and immigrant advocates alleged the operation violated the civil rights of Nashville residents, noting it focused on areas where Latino immigrants live and involved far more traffic stops in a few hours than officers would typically do in an entire day.
A majority of the 196 people arrested did not have prior criminal records, according to information released by ICE. The agency said 95 had criminal convictions or pending charges. Thirty-one had committed a felony by reentering the country illegally after being previously deported.
鈥淲hat鈥檚 clear today is that people who do not share our values of safety and community have the authority to cause deep community harm,鈥� Nashville Mayor Freddie O鈥機onnell said. O鈥機onnell pressed ICE to release the names of everyone who had been arrested, prompting House Republicans to launch two congressional investigations into the mayor for allegedly creating a chilling effect on ICE鈥檚 work in the city.
Lisa Sherman Luna, executive director of the Tennessee Immigrant and Refugee Rights Coalition, said the action traumatized immigrant families. 鈥淭his operation 鈥� which was focused on a neighborhood with an established, vibrant immigrant population 鈥� reeks of racial profiling and unconstitutional discrimination,鈥� said Sherman Luna, who fled Guatemala to the U.S. with her family following the kidnapping of her sister. Nashville and Davidson County governments, along with community nonprofits, to provide emergency support for immigrants 鈥渄uring moments of crisis.鈥�
But federal officials defended the operation and lambasted critics. DHS Assistant Secretary Tricia McLaughlin said in a news release, 鈥淵ou would think all public officials would unite around DHS bringing violent criminal illegal aliens to justice and removing them from American communities. However, pro-open borders politicians 鈥� like Mayor O鈥機onnell 鈥� would rather protect illegal aliens than American citizens.鈥� DHS had included Nashville in a now-deleted list titled .鈥�
It鈥檚 unclear how many immigration-related arrests can be attributed to the 287(g) Program since Trump took office. ICE officials did not respond to Arizona Luminaria and ProPublica鈥檚 request for those numbers. The agency issues monthly reports that selectively highlight arrests for violent crimes but don鈥檛 provide arrest totals involving local police partners.
Politics and power are driving the 287(g) Program鈥檚 rapid expansion, according to Kocher. Republican-led states, including Florida, are passing laws requiring local police to sign on to the program. In conservative counties, it鈥檚 popular to aid Trump鈥檚 mass deportation effort. As a result, a large portion of new agencies signing 287(g) agreements are sheriff鈥檚 offices, which run county jails.
鈥淪heriff鈥檚 offices are elected,鈥� Kocher said. 鈥淢any of them are more than happy to do this, right? But regardless, it鈥檚 also a public visibility electoral thing.鈥�
The expansion is not, however, driven by money. In fact, many expenses associated with the federal partnership, such as officer salaries, overtime and transportation, are covered by local agencies and taxpayers, per the agreements.
Local departments can participate in three ways. The jail enforcement and warrant service officer models limit local agencies鈥� immigration powers to people already being held in local jails and state prisons for other charges. The task force model extends that authority to community policing.
The Obama administration the task force agreements, deeming other enforcement programs, specifically those allowing local officers to share information with ICE, to be more efficient.
The Trump administration鈥檚 decision to resurrect them has drawn sharp criticism. Immigration advocates say it erodes communities鈥� trust in police, violates constitutional rights and shifts the focus of enforcement from immigrants charged with violent crimes to those who鈥檝e committed minor offenses. They also note it comes as the Trump administration has civil rights investigations into several local police departments and gutted offices at the Homeland Security and Justice departments that probe police misconduct.
None of the agreements allow local officers to act on their own. They must be supervised or directed by ICE. Local officers are also supposed to receive 40 hours of online training to participate in task force agreements.
However, a 2021 found the program lacked meaningful oversight policies, resulting in police departments violating the agreements and ICE policy.
Participation in the 287(g) Program is strongest in the Southeast, where entire states like Florida are mandating full cooperation with ICE. There were 277 agreements in Florida alone as of June 6, according to ICE鈥檚 online database.
But as quickly as it has taken hold in the Southeast, the expansion has so far missed the country鈥檚 biggest cities and counties, home to large immigrant populations.
Doris Marie Provine, an emeritus professor at Arizona State University and lead author of 鈥淧olicing Immigrants: Local Law Enforcement on the Front Lines,鈥� attributed big cities鈥� reluctance, in part, to concerns about the costs to police departments and taxpayers.
鈥淔rom local law enforcement鈥檚 perspective, it鈥檚 an unfunded mandate,鈥� Provine said. 鈥淭here has been much more interest in community policing than there was 20 years ago, and that is very directly in conflict with turning local police into immigration officers.鈥�
Since the 287(g) Program first ramped up nearly 20 years ago, it has faced repeated accusations of racial profiling and of creating a chilling effect among immigrant communities, who may be reluctant to report crimes.
Two Justice Department investigations alleged that enforcement under 287(g) agreements led to constitutional violations in North Carolina and Arizona. ICE subsequently pulled their agreements.
In North Carolina鈥檚 Alamance County, the DOJ found in 2012, six years after the sheriff signed a 287(g) agreement, that the sheriff鈥檚 office engaged 鈥渋n a pattern or practice of discriminatory policing against Latinos.鈥� A federal judge in 2015, following a bench trial, ruling that the DOJ failed to support its claim. A spokesperson for the sheriff鈥檚 office said the department doesn鈥檛 comment on past litigation. The sheriff signed an agreement with ICE in 2020 for enforcement in its jail, which remains in effect despite that discriminatory policing practices continue.
In 2013, a federal judge in Arizona reaffirmed the DOJ鈥檚 findings and that then-Maricopa County Sheriff Joe Arpaio and his deputies had used race to target Latino drivers and Latino-majority areas with traffic stops and sweeps. The American Civil Liberties Union of Arizona had filed the lawsuit on behalf of citizens and legal residents caught in the sweeps less than a year after the sheriff signed a 287(g) agreement.
Trump pardoned Arpaio in 2017 of federal contempt charges for disregarding the judge鈥檚 ruling.
New Maricopa County Sheriff Jerry Sheridan has declined to pursue new 287(g) agreements, citing the court鈥檚 ongoing scrutiny of the department to ensure officers comply with the 2013 ruling. The cost to taxpayers for the ongoing effort to root out racial profiling in the department had surpassed $300 million as of March.
Sheridan said he values the 287(g) Program but agreed with the judge鈥檚 finding that community enforcement under the county鈥檚 agreement was 鈥渞acially biased.鈥�
ICE did not respond to a request for comment about its monitoring of local agencies for potential civil rights violations.
White House spokesperson Abigail Jackson said: 鈥淚CE鈥檚 287(g) Program is playing a critical role in fulfilling President Trump鈥檚 promise to deport criminal illegal aliens and keep America safe. Dangerous criminal illegals with lengthy criminal records who pose a risk to the American people are detained all the time thanks to partnerships with local law enforcement officers.鈥�
In an to the Arizona Legislature, Tom Homan, Trump鈥檚 pick to lead the administration鈥檚 mass deportation efforts and a former ICE director, praised Arpaio鈥檚 work with ICE. The former sheriff was seated in the front row.
In highlighting ICE鈥檚 push for greater collaboration with local law enforcement, Homan rebuffed a common criticism of the 287(g) Program 鈥� that allowing police to enforce immigration laws erodes trust between communities and local officers.
鈥淚鈥檓 sick and tired of hearing the talking point, 鈥榃ell, we鈥檙e a welcoming community, we鈥檙e a sanctuary city because we want victims and witnesses of a crime that live in the immigrant community to feel safe coming to law enforcement to report that crime,鈥欌�� Homan told Arizona lawmakers. 鈥淭hat is a bunch of garbage. A victim and witness of crime don鈥檛 want the bad guy back out there either.鈥�
ICE is seeking more funding to expand 287(g) agreements and its detention and deportation capacity. During an in May, ICE Acting Director Todd Lyons said the agency would reduce its reliance on private prisons.
鈥淲e would much rather partner with a sheriff鈥檚 department or a state corrections agency, someone that鈥檚 in a state where an individual is arrested that we don鈥檛 have to transport all around the country due to lack of bed space,鈥� Lyons said.
